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Many doves have unique wing patterns that can help make identification easier, but if the field guide does not show the birds in flight, those clues will be lost. Feeding Station: Many doves and pigeons will readily visit large platform feeders or bird feeding stations where cracked corn, sunflower seeds, and grains are available. Don’t Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus! 10th Birthday Celebration Activity Kit. The Duckling Gets a Cookie?! The Pigeon Wants a Puppy! We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. This pigeon game from Patootie is a great idea! You can even make the buses different colors or put different letters or sight words on them to practice while guessing where the pigeon is. This Rhyming Game from Growing Book by Book will sure to be a hit with your children.

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By Filip Tkaczyk

Bird Tracks are an exciting aspect of naturalist studies andcan be found in many places. Withhundreds of species of birds found in North America, studyingtheir tracks can seem very daunting. Since tracks are made mostly by the feet of birds, one of the easiest ways tobreak down different tracks is according to foot type. The main groupings are: anisodactyl, game bird, palmate, totipalmate andzygodactyl.

It also helps to know that bird toes are numbered from the back toe (called 'toe 1' or the 'halix') to the outside. So the outer most toe is called 'toe 4.'

Anisodactyl Tracks

These 'classic bird tracks' are made by birds with feet that are anisodactyl, which isdefined by a foot in which 3 toes are pointed forward and 1 is pointedbackward. Birds that have feet designedin this way include practically all songbirds, herons and egrets, eagles,hawks, falcons, vultures, doves, and moorhens. Kingfishers are often included in this group because they leave tracks that match this group, even though they have toes 3 and 2 on their foot fused for part oftheir length (syndactyl). An example of anisodactyl tracks are visible in the photo below, in this case from a great blue heron (Ardea herodias).

Game Bird Tracks

This type of foot structure, sometimes called “incumbent,” leavewhat is commonly called “game bird track” pattern. In this grouping, the toe 1 (also called thehalix) is greatly reduced or even absent. This category also includes birds that have only reduced webbing(semipalmate). Birds which leave gamebird type tracks include: quail, pheasant, grouse, ptarmigan, partridge,turkey, coots, rails, cranes, plovers and sandpipers. Coots have especially odd feet, in that eachtoe has wide, flattened lobes that act like webbing. The 2 examples below are the track of a sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), and the tracks of a ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) in the snow.

Palmate Tracks

This kinds of tracks are left by birds with feet that havefull webbing between 3 of their toes and have a halix that points backwards andis free of webbing. These are structuredessentially the same as the game bird tracks, with the exception of having fullwebbing. Though differentiated for thesake of tracking, palmate and game bird tracks are scientifically considered to have anisodactyl foot structure. The webbed track below is from a green-winged teal (Anas crecca).

Totipalmate Tracks

These are also webbed tracks, but in this case, have webbingbetween all 4 toes. Birds that leavethis kind of track have toe 4 as the longest toe. This kind of foot belongs to a limited numberof birds, including: pelicans, boobies, gannets and cormorants.

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Zygodactyl Tracks

These tracks are made by birds which have 2 toes forward and2 toes pointing backward on their feet. Birds that leave these kinds of tracks include: parrots, woodpeckers,cuckoos, owls and osprey. Both owls andosprey can rotate toe 1 significantly, and so there can be a lot of variabilityin the way the tracks appear. Below are 2 examples of zygodactyl tracks, the first is the right track of a northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), and below it are the tracks of a burrowing owl (Speotyto cunicularia).

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Bird Track Patterns

Birds tend to move in one of several ways when on theground, either walking, running, hopping or skipping.

Walking is the favorite mode of locomotion for many birdsthat spend lots of time on the ground. Below is an example of a walking trail left by a ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus).

Running is another mode of locomotion used by birds thatspend lots of time on the ground. It isdifferentiated from a walk by the distance between each track being severaltimes that of a walk. In the photo below a set of quail tracks run across a sand dune and end where the bird pooped and took off into the air.

Hopping is done by some birds, and is defined by the trackslanding right next to each other. Pine siskins, gold finches and dark-eyed juncos are examples of birds that frequently hop when on the ground.

In skipping, the bird moves in a similar fashion but thetracks land slightly off set, so that one tracks leads ahead of the other onein the pair. Skipping is used more oftenby small perching birds that spend a lot of time on the ground. Crows, ravens, a variety of sparrows all commonly skip.

The example below is the skipping trail of a varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius) in the snow.

Context

Where you find tracks can really help you shorten the listof possible species they may belong to. It really helps to study the natural history of the birds in your area,and know their preferred range and habitats. Water loving birds such as ducks and herons are not likely to be foundin an arid landscape, far from water. Nor are open country birds such as the western meadowlark and burrowingowl going to be found in the middle of a coniferous forest. Each species has its own particular nichesand food preferences, and learning more about them will help you improve yourtracking skills.

Recording Information

Utilize measurements when studying bird tracks, and you willhelp narrow down the possibilities even further. Measure the length and width of each track,and also note the lengths of the toes. Measure the distance between each track in a walk or a run, and measurethe distance between groups of tracks in a hop or a skip.

Also, remember to take notes on where you found the tracks(country, state/province, city, park/neighborhood), what kind of birds you mayhave seen in the area, what sort of habitats are present, what substrate thetracks were found in, date/time and weather conditions.

Record your observations, so you can reference them with afield guide. If you really want toimprove your tracking skills, you must follow the practice of any goodnaturalist: take lots of notes!

Also, make sketches of your observations or takephotographs, so that you can look at them again and again in the future. Often times, you will learn more about a setof tracks over the span of not just days, but months and years. The tracksthemselves can always teach you more, and each time you come back to them youmay see them slightly differently.

Recommended Books:

Bird Tracks & Sign by Mark Elbroch

Wildlife of the Pacific Northwest by David Moskowitz

Additional Resources:

Bear Tracker's Birds Page

Related Courses:

Game Pigeon For Computer

About the Author: Filip Tkaczyk is a periodic guest teacher at Alderleaf. He also wrote the field guide Tracks & Sign of Reptiles & Amphibians. Learn more about Filip Tkaczyk.

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Crochet Pigeon Pattern